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Environmental issues raise a host of difficult ethical questions, including the ancient one of the nature of intrinsic value. Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarian at least have always accepted that the pleasures and pains of nonhuman animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos become extinct or a rain forest is cut down. Are these things to be regretted only because of the loss to humans or other sentient creatures? Or is there more to it than that? Some philosophers are now prepared to defend the view that trees, rivers, species (considered apart from the individual animals of which they consist), and perhaps ecological systems as a whole have a value independent of the instrumental value they may have for humans or other sentient creatures.
Our concern for the environment also raises the question of our obligations to future generations. How much do we owe to the future? From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing. For we can benefit them, but they are unable to reciprocate. Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarian, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own, provided only that we are certain that they will exist and will have interests that will be affected by what we do. In the case of, say, the storage of radioactive wastes, it seems clear that what we do will indeed affect the interests of generations to come.
The question becomes much more complex, however, when we consider that we can affect the size of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. Most environmentalists believe that the world is already dangerously overcrowded. This may well be so, but the notion of overpopulation conceals a philosophical issue that is ingeniously explored by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984). What is optimum population? Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfare — the average multiplied by the number of people — is as great as possible? Both answers lead to counterintuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.
111. The first paragraph is mainly about _______________.
A. the intrinsic value of human experiences
B. the intrinsic value of the experiences of nonhuman animals
111. 答案：D。
解析：本題考查文章主旨。第一段中，第一句話點明環境問題引起了很多道德倫理問題，緊接著Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarian at least have always accepted that the pleasures and pains of nonhuman animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos become extinct or a rain forest is cut down. 指出，雖然很多哲學家認為人類經驗是具有內在固有的價值，而且功利論者至少認為非人類動物的快樂和痛苦具有某些內在價值，但是并不足以解釋我們為什么認為…，ABC三項為D選項的補充說明，因此第一段主要探討的是內在固有市場這個古老的倫理問題，故本題答案為D。
112.答案：B。
解析：本題考查事實細節。根據第二段From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist，the answer would seem to be nothing. 從社會契約道德角度來說，或者道德自我主義的角度出發，答案是什么都沒有。故本題答案為B。
113.答案：C。
解析：本題考查事實細節。根據第三段The question becomes much more complex, however, when we consider that we can affect the size of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. 但是當我們考慮到，我們所采取的人口和家庭政策，將會影響到下一代的人口數量，問題就變得復雜了。故本題答案為C。
114. 答案：C。
解析：本題考查推理判斷。文章最后一段提出What is optimum population? 繼而在最后指出Both answers lead to counterintuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics. 兩個答案都會導致違反直覺的結果，而且這個問題成為應用道德中最令人費解的一個謎。因此，optimum population只能是留給未來解決的哲學難題。故本題答案為C。
115. 答案：C。
解析：本題考查文章主旨。本文主要討論的是有環境問題而引發的倫理道德問題，因此D項泰國淺顯，不符合題意;A項是最后一段提到的內容，并不足以概括整篇文章;B項我們對下一代的責任是第二段提到的，也不足以概括文章整體。因此，C項的環境道德問題，最符合題意，故本題答案為C。
116. 答案：D。
解析：本題考查事實細節。由題干定位到第一段 “Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but — regardless of whether it is or isn’t — we won’t do much about it.” 全球變短可能成為危機也可能不會變成危機，但不管是否會成為危機，我們都不會采取什么措施。A選項表達全球變暖根本不會成為危機，與句意不符;BC在第一段中沒有涉及，D選項表達將不會采取什么措施來控制全球變暖，符合句意。故本題答案為D。
117.答案：C。
解析：本題考查推理判斷。由A1 Gore定位置第二段 “A1 Gore calls global warming an ‘inconvenient truth’, as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.” A1 Gore將全球變暖稱之為“不方便的真相”，就像是僅僅承認它會使我們走上解決它的道路。通過此句話，我們可以推斷出，作者對于此人觀點的理解為全球變暖是可以被解決的。該句其后的內容為作者自己的觀點，而不是對此人觀點的理解。根據句意，C最符合。故本題答案為C。
118. 答案：A。
解析：本題考查事實細節。根據2025定位至 “With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.” 通過適度的增長，溫室排放量到2025年不止于翻倍。通過分析前文可知，這里的增長指的是經濟增長，故本題答案為A。
119. 答案：B。
解析：本題考查事實細節。由Kyoto Protocol定位至 “It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn’t. But it hasn’t reduced CO2 emissions (up about 25% since 1990), and many signatories(簽字國)didn’t adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets.” 它允許加入該議定書的國家懲罰不加入的國家。但是他并沒有減少二氧化碳的排放量(自1990年上升了25%)，許多簽署國也沒有采取足夠嚴格的措施來實現2008-2012的目標。通過分析，可知作者認為自簽訂以來，很少有國家能真正按照議定書來采取措施控制能源使用，較少二氧化碳排放量。故本題答案為B。
120. 答案：B。
解析：本題考查文章主旨。A表達相較于實際問題，全球變暖更是道德問題。“The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it’s really an engineering one.” 作者用了really來修飾實際問題，表明作者認為雖然現在已經是一個道德問題，但更多的還是一個實際問題;B表達全球變暖的終極解決辦法有賴于新技術，這與倒數第二段提到的the only solution is new technology相符;C表達有關全球變暖的爭議將會引發技術革命，與作者原意不符，D項表達為了組織全球變暖，人們必須放棄某些物質享受，文中并沒有涉及。故本題答案為B。
